Kidney Stones: Why They Form & How Modern Surgery Removes Them Painlessly
From hydration habits to PCNL — a urologist's guide to preventing and treating kidney stones in 2026.
Dr. Rohit Kapoor
Consultant Urologist
Kidney stones are crystallised deposits that form when urine becomes concentrated. Pain in the lower back or side that comes in waves is the classic sign.
Common causes
- Low daily water intake
- High-salt, high-protein diet
- Family history
- Recurrent UTIs
When surgery is needed
Stones under 5 mm usually pass with hydration. Stones above 8–10 mm typically need intervention — URS (ureteroscopy), RIRS, or PCNL for larger stones.
How PCNL works
A keyhole tract is made into the kidney; the stone is fragmented and removed in a single sitting. Hospital stay is 1–2 days and recovery is quick.
Prevention is just as important as treatment: drink 2.5–3 L of water daily, limit salt, and get an annual urine check if you've had a stone before.
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